Nucleotide Modifications Decrease Innate Immune Response Induced by Synthetic Analogs of snRNAs and snoRNAs

Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Autophagy and Host Innate Immune Response

Autophagy is a catabolic process that is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis. This pathway in hepatocytes is stimulated and controlled by the hepatitis C virus (HCV)-upon infection-to promote its own replication. HCV induces autophagy indirectly and directly through different mechanisms and temporally controls the autophagic flux. This enables the virus to maximize its replication an...

Induction of Innate Immune Response

Epigenetic Modifications of Host Genes Induced by Bacterial Infection

Introduction: Epigenetic mechanisms regulate expression of the genome to generate various cell types during development or coordinate cellular responses to external stimulus. While epigenetics is of fundamental importance in eukaryotes, it plays a different role in bacteria. This article uncovers the most important recent data on how bacteria can alter epigenetic marks and can also contribute t...

Extensive terminal and asymmetric processing of small RNAs from rRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, and tRNAs

Deep sequencing studies frequently identify small RNA fragments of abundant RNAs. These fragments are thought to represent degradation products of their precursors. Using sequencing, computational analysis, and sensitive northern blot assays, we show that constitutively expressed non-coding RNAs such as tRNAs, snoRNAs, rRNAs and snRNAs preferentially produce small 5' and 3' end fragments. Simil...

Modifications of the innate immune system in atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a frequent chronic inflammatory skin disease which is often complicated by recurrent microbial superinfections. Genetically based modifications which might have an impact on the innate immune system, such as impairment of the skin barrier, modifications of pattern recognition receptors, deficiency of antimicrobial peptides, antiviral natural killer cells and plasmacyto...